鲨鱼也有善良的一面

smiling shark....这条鲨鱼笑得好灿烂！！！

据报道，这张在日落时分从海面上拍摄到的短吻柠檬鲨面露笑容的照片，最近被从20000多多张片中挑选出来，一举获得国际海洋局2008年Windland Smith Rice国际最佳自然摄影大奖。
据悉，业余摄影师布鲁斯·亚特斯是于去年7月，在巴哈马群岛拍摄到这张照片，并且取名为“露齿嘻笑的柠檬鲨”（Cheshire Cat Grin）。54岁的亚特斯来自西雅图，他说：“我和妻子乘坐一条船到巴哈马群岛西北部看鲨鱼，并与它们一起潜入水下。这是一个距离陆地大约有几英里的开阔区域，水面相对较浅。”亚特斯利用直径为15毫米的鱼眼镜给这条鲨鱼拍摄了照片，他说：“这条鲨鱼大约有8英尺（约2.4米）长，距离我的摄像机仅有几英寸远。然而，这张照片并不是我在水中拍摄的，而是我躺在船上，做潜水前的准备工作，手中的照相机有一部分进入水下时拍摄的。很多柠檬鲨聚集在船只周围，争食一些小鱼。”
他说：“我事先调整好照相机的快门速度、光圈和闪光灯的强度，以便在照片的背景上可以看到日落景象。当鲨鱼游到我附近的时候，我快速拍摄了很多照片。虽然从这张特殊照片上看，这只鲨鱼好像在微笑，但事实上它只是在捕捉一些小鱼后，正在合上嘴巴。这种表情我以前在鲨鱼身上从没看到过。我感觉我即使用尽余生进行拍摄，也不见得能再拍到一张这样的照片。”

趣怪警示牌~

万物生命平等及珍贵 哦~

别忘了机械是‘人脑’创造出来的

狗狗的语言？以防万一主人没注意到警示牌， 狗狗‘识做’咯~！

小强生命力虽强，但也别毒死它啦！！！

75岁婆婆怀胎50年

75岁婆婆怀胎50年
一般孕婦都是懷胎九月，越南一名婆婆懷孕卻懷足半個世紀，而且一直不自知。該名太太因腹部劇痛，到醫院求診，才知道自己沒患上腸胃炎或任何疾病，而是懷一個胎兒五十年。但胎兒早已死掉，要做手術取出。50年前曾覺肚脹七十五歲的丁詩秋（譯）上周因為肚子痛，到廣平省的越南古巴友誼醫院求醫，醫生替她檢查下，赫然發現她腹中有一個胎兒。主診的阮醫生說：「她說五十年前曾感覺肚子慢慢脹起來，肚內偶然有些動靜，但後來她漸漸忘了这件事，一直沒甚麼問题 。」8個月大死胎已鈣化阮醫生指出，老太太那一胎是宮外孕，所以她後來曾順利懷孕產子。她一共有三名孩子。醫生又說，死胎應有八個月大，在老太太腹中最少有五十年，已經鈣化。醫生準備周三為她進行大約三小時的手術，取出死胎

Pregnant 75-year-old mother-in-law for 50 years Pregnant women are generally conceived in September, Vietnam, a pregnant mother-in-law was pregnant enough for half a century, but did not know. The wife because of severe abdominal pain, to the hospital before they know that they did not suffer from any illness or gastroenteritis, but a fetus half pregnant. However, the fetus had died long time ago, it is necessary to take out an operation. 50 years ago feel肚胀 75-year-old small Autumn Poem (translated) last week because of stomach pain, to Quang Binh province, Vietnam and Cuba Friendship Hospital for treatment, the doctors for her examination, the abdomen was found to have a baby of her. Nguyen of the attending doctor said: "Fifty years ago, she said slowly bulging stomach feeling, and occasionally eaten some movement, but she gradually forgot the matter, has no problems." 8-month stillbirth had calcification Nguyen noted that the old lady that is a child with ectopic pregnancy, so she was pregnant had a smooth birth. A total of her three children. Doctors also said that there should be eight months of the stillbirth, and in the abdomen at least fifty years old, has been calcified. Doctors prepare for her Wednesday for about three hours of surgery, remove the stillbirth

20个冷知识

01、鱼会口渴吗？原来鱼是会口渴的，只不过牠们饮水的方法和人类有所不同。德国不来梅阿尔弗雷德维格纳研究所指出，由於鱼有分鹹淡两种，而两种鱼饮水的方法都有不同，鹹水鱼用吞水的方法得到水分，淡水鱼则经由食物和鱼腮得到水分。
02、为什么洗衣机有个透明圆窗，乾衣机却没有呢？1920 年代，欧洲人制造了最初的滚筒式洗衣机，但当时一般市民还未完全信赖新的科技，不放心将袜子和内裤等放进洗衣机。米勒家电是第一家出售商业洗衣机的公司，发言人指出 1920 年代上市的第一批洗衣机之所以有个圆窗，是因为到洗衣店洗衣服的朋友都希望可以看见洗衣机中的动静，那时根本无人想过洗衣机可以出现於家庭中，当时一般家庭只以木桶和木棍洗衫，踏入 50 年代，当洗衣机普及化后，这种透明圆窗设计便被淘汰，乾衣机没有透明圆窗最主要原因，就是现代人早已知道这些机器是不会损坏里头的物品，不用边乾边看，这么浪费时间！
03 、手语是否世界通行？中国人讲国语，英国人讲英文，中国人的手语和英国人的手语有没分别？袭哑中国人用中国手语可不可以和英国袭哑人士沟通呢？德国汉堡大学手语系教授表示，袭哑人士在地球多久，手语便存在多久，手语是一代接一代地发展出来的，与所有的自然语言一样，手语也根据其地理位置的分布而有不同变化，就像世界上也没有一种完全通行的有声语言一样。例如在德国「红色」的手语表达是多次触碰下嘴唇，和国际间惯用的表达不同。
04、为什么多士跌落地时，总是塗奶油的哪面先著地？美国密西西比州哥伦布女子大学的专家做了实验，发现从桌子边缘掉落的多士，有百分之七十八是塗奶油的那一面先著地，原因是基於简单的物理定律。当士从桌缘翻落的一刹那，一部分重心已经掉落桌外，於是这片多士处於旋转的状态中，因此不是垂直落地，而是翻转落下。奶油面先著地的关键在於通常多士翻转的速度不够快，无法完成一个完整的空中翻滚，不像跳水运动员可以向外翻腾九周半，要多士完成整个翻滚动作，不弄肮脏地毯，方法好简单，只要大家在三米高的餐桌食多士便可以。
05、地球上六十亿人一齐大叫，声音会不会传到月球呢？地球人口约有六十亿五千五百万人，假如全世界人聚集在澳洲平原一齐向著月亮大叫，嫦娥会不会听到呢？如果所有人一齐叫的话，巨大的声响会令大地摇动，全部人的耳膜都可能会破掉，亦有人会被嘈死。但无论大家点叫，都不会传到月球，即使用超高性能的米高峰都一样，原因係地球和月球中间是没有大气，而声音必须在气体或液体等物质中传输，在真空的状态则是无法传输的，叫声所能达到的地方只限於大气层的内质，高度充其量只能传到七百公尺而已！
06、遇到交通意外，跳车逃生时，应该向前跳还是向后跳比较安全呢？遇到这么紧急的情况，生死攸关，千万不能做错决定，假如你决定朝车子行驶的方向跳出去的话，你实死无生，因为离开车子的身体会循「惯性法则」随著车子的速度向前，身体会加速，然后狠狠的摔在地上，如果向后方跳的话，速度会相对抵消，著地时会减少一些撞击力道。此外，向前跳的话，著地的时候，身体会向后仰，后脑撞到的危机性较大，死亡率亦较高。
07、两个人一上一下抬东西上楼梯，哪一个人会较轻松？大家一定以为是在上方的人较辛苦，前面出尽力提著东西，後面的只是支撑著，当然轻松得多。但根据万有引力，行李的重量不是全压在后者吗？究竟答案是什么呢？以力学而言，行李在两个人正中间的话，即使是在像楼梯这种倾斜的地方仍然是刚好平均分摊，并不会有哪一方比较轻松和比较累的，重与轻只是心理作用而已！
08、为什么丧服是黑色的呢？中国人死人用白色，但欧美以至日本丧服都是黑色，为什么死人要穿黑色衣服呢？古人认为参加丧礼时，丧礼上会出现死者的灵魂，穿著鲜色衣服的话，容易被死者灵魂见到，然後惨被加害。穿黑色衣服的话，就不容易被死者的灵魂发现。身穿黑衫原来并不是为了哀悼死者，只是恐惧死者，不过大家敢唔敢著大红大绿去殡仪馆呢？
09、医生看病时为什么要看病人的舌头？利用舌头的状态来诊断的方法称为「舌诊」，源出於中医。健康的舌头是淡红色，拥有适度的润泽，舌头整体能够轻柔被压动，发烧的时候，舌头的湿气就会流失而龟裂，病情恶化的话，颜色还会变白，肠胃不好的时候，水分的代谢功能也会减弱，白色舌苔会增加而覆盖整个舌头，西医看舌头主要用作参考，而中医则作确定病情之用。
10、冷水和热水，那一种水在灭火时比较有用呢？火烛了，用冷水定热水救火好呢？不用多说，火当然很热，用冷水浇的话可以降低火的温度，但假使要尽早灭火的话，最好使用热水。冷水和热水比较，热水较能在短时间产生水蒸气，把火源覆盖，火源得不到氧气，便不会继续燃烧，但在实际火灾现场，又怎会有热水準备妥当呢？
11、麻将中的「东南西北」为什么和实际方位相反呢？打麻将四只脚，按东南西北顺序逆时针方向坐，和实际的方位完全相反，究竟是什么原因呢？原来东南西北其实只是代表一、二、三、四和方位是无关的，加上中国人大部分是使用右手拿牌，所以将「东南西北」变成逆时针方向，纯粹为了方便而已，根本没有什么值得考究的地方！
12、在百货公司搭扶手电梯快还是乘电梯快？相信这个课题大家都曾想过，以速度本身来说，电梯是比较快的，但需要加上等待的时间，所以根据日本作家堀井宪一郎的调查发现，不同楼层是有不同的结果，若从一楼到六楼的话，电扶手梯是比较快的，因为无需等候，七楼到九楼的话，碰上电梯到达及时或电梯没有人，胜负是五十五十。十楼以上的话，电梯较快的比率高达百分之七十五。
13、为什么喝酒时，小便的时候会比较长呢？当喝醉酒的时候，小便的时间变长，不少人以为酒精有利尿作用，但这观点是错的，由於酒精作用使我们对膀胱的感觉能力变得迟钝，一般而言，膀胱到达 200c.c. 时，就会想去厕所，但当喝醉酒时，膀胱达到最大极限，还感觉不到尿意，大人的膀胱容量约为 400-500c.c.，所以，当喝醉酒想去厕所时，尿量一定是平日的两倍，所以上厕所的时间也因而变长。
14、为什么肯德基家乡鸡爷爷永远都著白色衣服？肯德基爷爷人像是由肯德基的始创者桑德斯上校的模样製造出来的，为什么一年四季桑德斯都不换衫？难道他没有钱买衫？桑德斯上校是个非常有地位的人，有一天电视台要求他上节目做嘉宾，那时刚好是冬天，由於桑德斯上校没有烫好冬天西装，唯有穿夏天的白色西装，观众以为桑德斯平时天寒地冻都穿着这么薄的衣服，觉得佢非常有型，因而大受欢迎，从此以后，白色西装便成为桑德斯上校的商标！
15、去BALL 经常见到名人撞衫，究竟世界上有多少人拥有相同的衣服呢？遇见和自己穿相同衣服的人，感到非常的尴尬，对方著得比自己好睇，就更加不高兴，高级时装，因为数生产量不多，即使是同样的设计、颜色的衣服，一般大约生产一百五十件左右，同年龄层同性别同收入的人口全球约为一千万，穿著同样衣服的人，比例大约是六万分之一，当然穿大规模生产的 Tee，那撞衫的机会自然会大得多。
16、为什么心脏不会生癌？胃、肝、大肠、睾丸都会生癌，但为什么没听过有心脏癌呢？原因在於心脏以外的细胞都具有增殖机能，即使受了伤，只要过一段时间就能痊癒，这是因为细胞增殖使伤口癒合，然而心脏的细胞并不会增殖。癌细胞会持续增殖，接著破坏周围的组织，就是因为心脏细胞不会增殖的关係，所以癌细胞是无法侵袭心脏。
17、鼻水其实积存在哪里呢？只要一感冒、鼻敏感，鼻水就不停咁出，大量的鼻水其实本身积存响身体边部分呢？鼻水其实并不是积存在身体里，一般而言鼻腺跟细胞会经常提供补充水给鼻孔表面的黏膜，但只要一感冒，免疫血球蛋白跟化学物质就会跟水份混杂，将进入鼻孔的异物跟细菌都洗出来，鼻腺跟细胞也会一直分泌水份，因此就算我们不断的擤鼻子，鼻水都会一直流出来。
18、烫伤后的水泡究竟是什么？烫伤之后，必然会出现水泡，破掉之後更会流出液体来，为什么无缘无故皮肤会出现液体呢？烫伤是因为高热而使皮肤和细胞呈现发炎状态，细胞被破坏、体液渗透进皮肤，皮肤外侧由表皮所覆盖，表皮之下为真皮，当体液停留在表皮和真皮中间时，便会起水泡。水泡里的水，正确来说是细胞被破坏后所流出的体液，包括血浆、淋巴、组织，加上蛋白质、脂肪、无机盐、氨基酸等等合成的液体。
19、卡拉OK 第一首歌曲是哪一首呢？卡拉OK 是日本语「空的管弦乐」之缩写，本身是个音乐界的用语。以前日本有不少地方流浪演唱歌手，在没有伴奏的地方演唱时，会播音乐带伴唱代替伴奏，那就是所谓的卡拉 OK，将卡拉 OK 商业化的人叫井上大佑，1971 年他将自己演奏的卡拉 OK 录音带和播放用的机器，租借给神户的小酒馆，第一首卡拉 OK 乐曲是永井 Frank 的「羽田出发七点五十分」，不少喜欢唱歌的朋友都到了神户的小酒馆大展身手，於是卡拉 OK 文化便因此而蔓延全球。
20、猴子有没有同性恋？不要以为只有人类才有同性恋，其实猴子的世界里也有同性恋，不少猴子会有亲匿的行为，互相摩擦性器官，直至产生高潮为止，不过人类的同性恋是有感情存在，但猴子的同性恋就完全没有感情因素，因为猴子的脑容量只是人类五分之一，无法思考同性之间複杂的感情，同性恋也只是为了寻求快感，单纯享受爱抚和性行为而已！


english version
01, the fish you will be thirsty? Fish is the original will be thirsty, but they are drinking water and human beings are different. Institute in Bremen, Germany, Alfred Wigner pointed out that as a result of fresh fish have a two, and two types of fish have different methods of drinking water, salt water fish swallow water methods, fish food and fish via gills get water.
02, why do washing machines have a transparent round window, dryers not have one? The 1920s, the Europeans created the first drum machine, but the general public was not yet fully trust the new technology, do not trust, such as the socks and underwear into the washing machine. Miller Appliances is the first company to sell commercial washing machines, the spokesman pointed out that the listing of the 1920s, the first batch of washing machine because there is a round window is laundries laundry because friends want to see movement in the washing machine, and that when no one thought of washing machines can be seen in the family, when the average family only wooden casks and laundry service, since the beginning of the 50's, when the washing machine after the popularization of such a transparent design of the round window will be eliminated, dryers round window is not transparent and the main reason is that people already know that these machines will not damage the goods inside, watching not doing so a waste of time!
03, sign language is accepted worldwide? Mandarin-speaking Chinese people, the British speak English, Chinese and British sign language sign language there is no difference? Dumb attack the Chinese people in China can and British sign language to communicate the passage of this dumb? German language professor at the University of Hamburg in hand, said the passage of time dumb person on earth, how much longer will sign language, sign language is the development of generation after generation to come out, and with all the natural languages, sign language is also in accordance with its geographical distribution and different changes like the world has not accepted a full audio languages. In Germany, for example "red" is the sign language to express time and again to touch the lower lip, and the international community used to express different. 04, why do more when people fall, which is always butter to the noodles first? Women's University in Columbus, Mississippi, United States experts to do the experiment and found the edge of falling from the table and multi-disabilities, there is 78 percent butter to the side, the reason is based on the simple laws of physics. When people from the table edge翻落the moment, part of the focus has fallen outside the table, so this piece of toast at a state of rotation, it is not a vertical landing, but turned down. Cream face first to the key people are usually more than the rate of turnover is not quick enough, can not complete a full roll of the air, unlike diver can churn out nine weeks and a half years, people have to complete the rolling movement, do not get dirty carpet, a good method is simple, as long as we have in the three-meter-high table with a disability will be able to eat more.
05, 6 billion people on earth together screaming, the sound does not reach the moon? A population of about 6,055,000,000 people on Earth, if the world were gathered together in Australia toward the moon plain screaming, Chang will not hear it? If called, then all together, will make a huge earth shaking sound, all of the eardrum may be broken, and there will be noise to die. However, we point called, will not spread to the moon, that is, the use of ultra-high-performance peak meters are the same, the reasons for the Department of Earth and the moon is not the middle atmosphere, and the voice must be in the gas or liquid substances, such as transmission, in a vacuum It is impossible to transfer, the local call can reach the atmosphere is limited to the endoplasmic reticulum, a high degree of, at best, can only be reached only 700 meters!
06, in case of traffic accidents, jumping to escape, they should jump forward or jump backward this relatively safe? Encountered such a situation of emergency, life and death, a decision should not be wrong, if you decide to move out of the car to the direction of travel, you really is dead and can not of Health, as to leave the car's body will follow "the law of inertia" With the speed of the car to the ago, the body will accelerate, and then throw in the hard ground, if so jump to the rear, speed will be relatively offset, when the impact force will reduce the number of Road. In addition, jump forward, then forward to the time the body will be back, hit the back of the head of a larger crisis, the mortality rate is also higher.
07, two people carrying on about things on the staircase, which person will be more relaxed? We certainly think that people in the top of the more difficult to carry out in front of things, behind only supported, of course, much easier. However, according to gravity, the weight of baggage total pressure in the latter is not it? The answer is what exactly? To mechanics, the baggage is in the middle of two people, even if, like the staircase in a place that remains tilted just shared, is not which side will be relatively easy and relatively tired and heavy and light it just psychological!
08, why do black mourning? Chinese dead white, but Europe and the United States and Japan are all mourning black, why do the dead wear black clothes? The ancients that participate in the funeral, the funeral will appear on the soul of the deceased, wearing bright colored clothes, the easy to see the soul of the deceased, and then惨被hurt. Wearing black clothes, then it will be difficult to be found the soul of the deceased. Dressed in black to mourn the deceased was not only fear of the deceased, but we dare唔敢big green to the red parlor it?
09, when a doctor to see why the patient's tongue? The use of the tongue to diagnose the state of the method referred to as the "tongue", the source for traditional Chinese medicine. Healthy tongue is pink, with moderate moisture, gentle tongue can be a whole press, fever, the tongue will be the loss of moisture and crack, his condition deteriorated, the color will be white, gastrointestinal bad time , water will weaken the metabolic function, White tongue will increase and cover the entire tongue, the tongue to see Western medicine mainly as a reference, while Chinese medicine is used for identifying the disease.
10, cold water and hot water, what kind of water in the fire when it more useful? Fire and fire-fighting water with cold water will be good? Needless to say, of course, very hot fire, then with cold water can reduce the temperature of the fire, but if we were, then fire as soon as possible, it is best to use hot water. Comparison of cold water and hot water, hot water than the water vapor produced in a short period of time, fire the source of coverage, lack of oxygen fire source, it will not continue to burn, but in the actual scene of the fire, why should it have hot water ready for it ?
11, mahjong the "truck" Why does the contrary and the actual position? Playing mahjong four legs, according to truck ride anti-clockwise order, and the actual position totally contrary to what is the reason for this? On behalf of the original truck is only one, two, three, four, and is unrelated to position, together with the majority of Chinese people is to use the right hand holding a license, so the "truck" into anti-clockwise, just for the sake of convenience, there is no What should be the best place!
12, in a department store escalator ride fast or faster elevator? I believe we have thought about this subject to the speed itself, the lift is relatively fast, but with waiting time, according to Japanese writer Junichiro Horii Gazette found that different floors have different results, from If the first floor to the sixth floor, electricity is relatively fast escalator handrails, because without waiting on the seventh floor to the ninth floor, then hit the lift or elevator to reach a timely manner and no one, winning or losing五十五十. More than 10 buildings, the elevator up to a faster rate of 75%.
13, why the alcohol, the urine will be more time for long? When drunk, the urine long time, many people who think that the role of alcohol have a diuretic, but this view is wrong, because the role of alcohol so that we feel the ability of the bladder has become slow, in general, to reach the bladder 200c . c., they will want to go to the toilet, but when drunk, the bladder reaches the maximum limit, but also do not feel Italian urine, bladder capacity of adults is about 400-500c.c., therefore, when want to go drunk toilets, the urine must be twice as much on weekdays, so the time on the toilet so long.
14, kentucky fried chicken why Grandpa always white clothes? Grandpa people like Kentucky Fried Chicken by Kentucky Fried Chicken founder Colonel Sanders created the look, why not changing clothes throughout the year Sanders? I wonder if he has no money to buy clothes? Colonel Sanders is a very status of the people, one day ask him on TV programs so guests, just the winter time, Colonel Sanders is not hot because of good winter suit and only wear a white summer suit and the audience that the sand Sri Lanka are usually cold and wearing clothes so thin that drains very type, hence the popularity of From then on, the white suit has become a trademark of Colonel Sanders!
15, BALL to see celebrities often撞衫, what the world how many people do have the same clothes? Met and their own people to wear the same clothes, was very embarrassing, other than the好睇own, the more unhappy, High fashion, because the number of small production, even if the same design and color of clothing, about the production of general 150 about the same age group, gender and income of the population with about 10 million worldwide, the people wearing the same clothes, the ratio is about 1/60000, of course, wearing a large-scale production of the Tee, the chance that natural撞衫will be much larger.
16, why not the heart of cancer? Stomach, liver, colon, testicular cancer will be, but why are the heart of cancer heard it? The reason is that other than the heart of the proliferation of the cells are functional, even if the injured, as long as we can recover over time, this is so because the wound healing cell proliferation, but the heart and not the proliferation of cells. Will continue the proliferation of cancer cells, followed by the destruction around the organization, not just because the proliferation of heart cells, and therefore can not attack the heart of cancer cells.
17, accumulated in the nose in fact wrong? As long as a cold, allergic rhinitis, nose咁on a non-stop, in fact, a lot of nose ring for the body itself, while the accumulation part? Nose is not accumulated in the body, in general with nasal gland cells often provide additional water to the nostrils of the mucosal surface, but as long as a cold, immune serum globulin with the chemical substance will be mixed with water, will enter a foreign body in nostril with the bacteria are washed out, nasal gland secretion with cell will have water, so even if we keep on blowing your nose, would have been streaming out of nose.
18, after the blisters burn what? Burn after inevitable blisters will break out after the liquid, the skin will appear for no reason at all why it liquid? Because of high fever which burns the skin and inflammation of the state of a cell, the cell is damaged, body fluids to penetrate the skin, the outer skin is covered by the epidermis, under the skin for leather, when the body fluids remain in the epidermis and dermis the middle, they will play blisters. Blisters in the water, the right is the destruction of cells in the body fluids after the outflow, including plasma, lymph, organization, together with the protein, fat, inorganic salts, amino acids and so the synthesis of liquid.
19, Kara OK first哪一首this song is? OK Karaoke is the Japanese "empty orchestra" in the acronym itself is a language of music. Ago in Japan there are many local street concert singer, in the absence of accompaniment of the local concert will be broadcast in place of music to bring vocal accompaniment, it is the so-called karaoke OK, will be OK karaoke business man named Daisuke Inoue, 1971 he will OK playing their own audio and video karaoke machines used, leased to a small bar in Kobe, the first karaoke music is OK Nagai Frank's "Haneda departure 7:50," a lot of friends like to sing to God bistro households show its mettle, and karaoke will be OK and cultural parts of the world.
20, the monkeys are not gay? Only human beings can not think that homosexuality, in fact, monkeys are gay world, there will be a lot of monkey behavior of the pro-Punic, mutual friction organs, until the climax so far generated, but human beings have feelings of homosexuality, but homosexuality on monkey have no feelings, because the brain capacity of a monkey is only one fifth of humanity can not be thinking of the feelings of the complex between the same sex, homosexuality is only to seek pleasure, simply to enjoy foreplay and sex only!

Kidney stone(taken from wikipedia)

Kidney stones (called renal calculi in medical terminology, from Latin ren, renes, "kidney" and calculi, "pebbles"[1]), are solid concretions (crystal aggregations) formed in the kidneys from dissolved urinary minerals. The terms nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis refer to the condition of having calculi in the kidneys and urinary tract, respectively. Bladder stones can form or pass into the urinary bladder. Ureterolithiasis is the condition of having a calculus in the ureter (the tube connecting the kidneys and the bladder).
Kidney stones typically leave the body by passage in the urine stream, and many stones are formed and passed without causing symptoms. If stones grow to sufficient size before passage—on the order of at least 2-3 millimeters—they can cause obstruction of the ureter. The resulting obstruction causes dilation or stretching of the upper ureter and renal pelvis (the part of the kidney where the urine collects before entering the ureter) as well as muscle spasm of the ureter, trying to move the stone. This leads to pain, most commonly felt in the flank, lower abdomen and groin (a condition called renal colic). Renal colic can be associated with nausea and vomiting. There can be blood in the urine, visible with the naked eye or under the microscope (macroscopic or microscopic hematuria) due to damage to the lining of the urinary tract.
There are several types of kidney stones based on the type of crystals of which they consist. The majority are calcium oxalate stones, followed by calcium phosphate stones. More rarely, struvite stones are produced by urea-splitting bacteria in people with urinary tract infections, and people with certain metabolic abnormalities may produce uric acid stones or cystine stones.
The diagnosis of a kidney stone can be confirmed by radiological studies or ultrasound examination; urine tests and blood tests are also commonly performed. When a stone causes no symptoms, watchful waiting is a valid option. In other cases, pain control is the first measure, using for example non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids. Using soundwaves, some stones can be shattered into smaller fragments (this is called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy). Sometimes a procedure is required, which can be through a tube into the urethra, bladder and ureter (ureteroscopy), or a keyhole or open surgical approach from the kidney's side. Sometimes, a metal tube may be left in the ureter (a ureteric stent) to prevent the recurrence of pain. Preventive measures are often advised such as drinking sufficient amounts of water, although the effect of many dietary interventions has not been rigorously studied.

Kidney stone(taken from wikipedia)

Kidney stones (called renal calculi in medical terminology, from Latin ren, renes, "kidney" and calculi, "pebbles"[1]), are solid concretions (crystal aggregations) formed in the kidneys from dissolved urinary minerals. The terms nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis refer to the condition of having calculi in the kidneys and urinary tract, respectively. Bladder stones can form or pass into the urinary bladder. Ureterolithiasis is the condition of having a calculus in the ureter (the tube connecting the kidneys and the bladder).
Kidney stones typically leave the body by passage in the urine stream, and many stones are formed and passed without causing symptoms. If stones grow to sufficient size before passage—on the order of at least 2-3 millimeters—they can cause obstruction of the ureter. The resulting obstruction causes dilation or stretching of the upper ureter and renal pelvis (the part of the kidney where the urine collects before entering the ureter) as well as muscle spasm of the ureter, trying to move the stone. This leads to pain, most commonly felt in the flank, lower abdomen and groin (a condition called renal colic). Renal colic can be associated with nausea and vomiting. There can be blood in the urine, visible with the naked eye or under the microscope (macroscopic or microscopic hematuria) due to damage to the lining of the urinary tract.
There are several types of kidney stones based on the type of crystals of which they consist. The majority are calcium oxalate stones, followed by calcium phosphate stones. More rarely, struvite stones are produced by urea-splitting bacteria in people with urinary tract infections, and people with certain metabolic abnormalities may produce uric acid stones or cystine stones.
The diagnosis of a kidney stone can be confirmed by radiological studies or ultrasound examination; urine tests and blood tests are also commonly performed. When a stone causes no symptoms, watchful waiting is a valid option. In other cases, pain control is the first measure, using for example non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or opioids. Using soundwaves, some stones can be shattered into smaller fragments (this is called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy). Sometimes a procedure is required, which can be through a tube into the urethra, bladder and ureter (ureteroscopy), or a keyhole or open surgical approach from the kidney's side. Sometimes, a metal tube may be left in the ureter (a ureteric stent) to prevent the recurrence of pain. Preventive measures are often advised such as drinking sufficient amounts of water, although the effect of many dietary interventions has not been rigorously studied.